Cálculo dinámico del filtrado glomerular en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada / Estimation of Kinetic Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure

RESUMEN Introducción: La coexistencia de insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada (ICD) e insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) conlleva internaciones más prolongadas y, en algunos casos, mayor mortalidad. Objetivos: Evaluar si la tasa de filtrado glomerular dinámico (TFGD) calculada mediante la fórmula de Chen permite predecir el desarrollo de IRA o muerte durante la internación en pacientes con ICD. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes consecutivos. Se calculó la TFGD utilizando los valores de creatinina del ingreso y a las 24 h. Se realizó una curva ROC para hallar el punto que con mejor sensibilidad y especificidad predijera eventos. Se evaluó un punto final de evento combinado (EC) definido como el desarrollo de IRA o muerte. Se definió la IRA de acuerdo a la guía KDIGO. El seguimiento fue hospitalario. El criterio de exclusión principal fue la existencia de antecedentes de insuficiencia renal crónica. Resultados: De un total de 813 pacientes, 190 fueron excluidos por tener insuficiencia renal crónica. Se analizaron 608 pacientes. Edad (mediana): 81 años (RIC 25-75%: 73-87), hombres: 48%, diabéticos: 25,5%, hipertensos: 76%, infarto previo: 19,4%, disfunción sistólica (Fey < 45%): 46,8%, creatinina de ingreso (mediana): 1,05 mg/dl. La incidencia de EC fue de 41,1%. La edad, el sexo y la presencia de comorbilidades no incidieron en la tasa de presentación de EC, pero la TFGD de este grupo de pacientes fue significativamente menor (mediana: 50,7 ml/min, vs. 57,9 ml/min, p < 0,01) y esta variable fue un predictor independiente de mortalidad. El mejor valor por curva ROC para EC de la TFGD fue 60 ml/min (ABC 0,60) y estuvo presente en el 58,9% de los pacientes. Fueron predictores de ello la edad, el sexo femenino y la presencia de HTA y de diabetes. Conclusiones: La TFGD resulta ser un predictor independiente de EC intrahospitalarios en la ICD; sin embargo, presenta escasa relevancia clínica por su baja especificidad.

ABSTRACT Background: The coexistence of decompensated heart failure (DHF) and acute renal failure (ARF) is associated with longer hospital stay and greater mortality. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether kinetic glomerular filtration rate (KeGFR) estimated with Chen´s equation can predict the development of ARF or mortality during hospitalization in patients with DHF. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of consecutive patients with estimated kinetic glomerular filtration rate using serum creatinine levels on admission and at 24 hours. The primary endpoint was a composite of ARF or mortality, and a ROC curve was built to find the cutoff value with the best sensitivity and specificity to predict events. Acute renal failure was defined according to the KDIGO guideline. Patients were followed-up throughout hospitalization and those with a history of chronic renal failure were excluded from the study. Results: Among 813 patients, 190 were excluded due to chronic renal failure and 608 patients were analyzed. Median age was 81 years (IQR 25-75%: 73-87) and 48% were men; 25.5% were diabetics, 76% had hypertension, 19.4% had history of prior myocardial infarction and 46.8% presented left ventricular systolic dysfunction defined as left ventricular ejection fraction <45%. Median creatinine level on admission was 1.05 mg/dl. The incidence of the composite event was 41.1%. Age, sex and comorbidities were similar in patients with and without the composite event, but KeGFR was significantly lower in this group of patients (median: 50.7 ml/min vs. 57.9 ml/min, p<0.01) and resulted an independent predictor of mortality. The analysis of the ROC curve revealed that a cutoff point of 60 ml/kg/min for KeGFR (AUC 0.60) had the best diagnostic accuracy to predict the composite event and was present in 58.9% of the patients. Age, female sex, hypertension and diabetes were predictors of the composite event. Conclusions: Kinetic glomerular filtrate rate can be used as an independent predictor of the composite event, but has no clinical relevance due to its low specificity.

Insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada. ¿De qué estamos hablando? / Decompensated Heart Failure. What Are We Talking About?

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo es conocer la problemática de una franja significativa de pacientes hospitalizados por insuficiencia cardíaca en centros urbanos privados que no son receptores de derivaciones de pacientes en estadios avanzados. Se analizaron las características basales y la evolución de 865 pacientes consecutivos hospitalizados por insuficiencia cardíaca en dos centros con las características precitadas. Se trata de una población anciana -mediana de edad 81 años- 48% mujeres. La etiología coronaria era de 25,5%, y la chagásica, 0,4% y el 78%, hipertensos. El promedio de comorbilidades fue de 3 por paciente. La mitad tenía función sistólica preservada. La presión sistólica de ingreso fue de 145mmHg, y en el 25% fue ≥ 170 mmHg. La estadía promedio fue 6 días, y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria 6,13%. Es muy preocupante la evolución de estos pacientes al año, con un 70% de reinternación y 40,12% de mortalidad. Debe destacarse que cerca de la mitad de los fallecimientos posalta no fueron debido a insuficiencia cardíaca.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to know the problematic posed by a significant range of patients hospitalized for heart failure in private urban centers which do not receive patients referred with end-stage disease. Baseline characteristics and outcome of 865 consecutive elderly patients hospitalized due to heart failure were analyzed in two of the above-mentioned centers. Mean age was 81 years and 48% were women. Heart failure was of coronary etiology in 25.5% of cases and chagasic in 0.4%, and 78% of patients were hypertensive. Average comorbidities were 3 per patient. Half of the patients had preserved systolic function. Systolic blood pressure on admission was 145 mmHg and ≥ 170 mmHg in 25% of cases. Average hospital stay was 6 days and in-hospital mortality 6.13%. The one-year evolution of these patients is a matter of great concern, with 70% of readmissions and 40.12% mortality. It should be pointed out that half of the post discharge deaths were not due to heart failure.

Participación de la Argentina en el Registro Europeo de Insuficiencia Cardíaca / Participation of Argentina in the European Registry of Heart Failure

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Significado clínico de las alteraciones en las pruebas de función hepática en la insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada / Clinical Significance of Impaired Liver Function Tests in Decompensated Heart Failure

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Acute supravalvular aortic stenosis following the replacement of the ascending aorta.

We report a very rare case of ascending aortic replacement complicated by acute supravalvular aortic stenosis. A 53-year-old man was referred to our Institution for evaluation of a systolic murmur and congestive heart failure. He had undergone elective ascending aortic replacement one month previously due to acute type A aortic dissection. On admission, transesophageal echocardiography revealed a proximal leak with a pseudoaneurysm compressing the aortic graft and generating a systolic gradient of 84 mmHg. The patient underwent reoperation, the graft was removed and a new Dacron graft was put in place.

Liposarcoma causing left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and syncope: a case report and review of the literature.

Metastatic cardiac myxoid liposarcoma is rare. We present the case of a 56-year-old woman who was admitted for angina and syncope, and in whom a mobile intracardiac mass obstructing the left ventricular outflow tract and protruding into the aortic root during systole was detected by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). She reported an antecedent of the complete excision of a myxoid liposarcoma of the thigh 12 years before. A surgical resection procedure was performed through an excision of the anterior wall of the left ventricle. The histopathological analysis of the specimens obtained during surgery revealed a low-grade malignancy myxoid liposarcoma, similar to the one resected in the thigh 12 years before. The present case is the first one to report syncope due to left ventricular outflow tract as a cause for admission. TEE was able to visualize the metastatic tumor to the heart, accurately localize its position and allow for prompt surgical treatment that produced relief of the symptoms.

Dobutamine stress echocardiography can predict reversible ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: The aim of early treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is to achieve the rapid reperfusion of the culprit artery, which correlates with improvement in ventricular function and survival. With the widespread use of thrombolytic agents or coronary angioplasty as reperfusion strategies for AMI, it is possible to reduce the amount of myocardial necrosis. HYPOTHESIS: The assessment of residual viability with dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in the infarcted area after AMI is relevant to subsequent management and prognosis. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with AMI (mean age 59 +/- 12, 31 male, 22 with anterior AMI, 15 with inferior AMI) admitted to the coronary care unit within 3.8 +/- 1.8 h of the onset of symptoms were included. Two-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) study and DSE were performed at a mean of 4.7 +/- 1.8 days. Follow-up 2-D echo was performed at a mean of 25 +/- 11 days. To assess left ventricular regional systolic function, 2-D echo images were obtained at rest and during dobutamine-induced stress and were analyzed off-line according to the 13-segment model. Improvement in wall motion score (WMS) was defined by a decrease of at least two grades in the score. RESULTS: Wall motion score improved in 13 of the 37 patients after DSE (rest WMS 20.9 +/- 2.0 vs. D-WMS 17.7 +/- 2.2; p<0.001), which correlated with clinical or angiographic signs of reperfusion of the culprit vessel in all cases. Follow-up WMS evidenced a significant correlation with WMS after DSE (r = 0.91; p < 0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of DSE in detecting patients whose left ventricular function (LVF) improved at 2-D echo follow-up were 72,96,92.8, and 82.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Dobutamine stress echocardiography improved WMS in 35% of patients and correlated with signs of patency of the culprit vessel; (2) LVF improvement after dobutamine was predictive of late LVF recovery; (3) DSE can be a useful and safe tool for detecting reversible myocardial dysfunction after AMI.